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India unveiled spending of billions of dollars to create new jobs and satisfy key coalition partners in the first budget by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government after an election setback, aiming to win back voters and retain political support.

Among a host of tax changes were an increased levy on equity investments to allay concerns of an overheating market, but also lower taxes for foreign companies, in a bid to lure investment.

The outlays included $32 billion for rural programmes, spending of $24 billion over five years to create jobs, and more than $5 billion for two states ruled by coalition partners, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said on Tuesday.

"In this budget, we particularly focus on employment, skilling, small businesses, and the middle class," she said, adding that subsequent budgets would build on these focus areas.

Despite the new spending, India cut its fiscal deficit target to 4.9% of gross domestic product in 2024-25, from 5.1% in February's interim budget, helped by a large surplus of $25 billion from the central bank.

The government marginally reduced gross market borrowing to 14.01 trillion rupees.

Analysts had blamed distress in rural areas and a weak job market for a poor poll showing that cost Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) its absolute majority.

"The budget successfully engineered a fine balance between supporting job creation and skilling, rural development and agriculture ... without compromising on fiscal consolidation," said Sakshi Gupta, principal economist at HDFC Bank.

The government will also push reforms across factors of production, including land and labour, said Sitharaman, presenting her seventh consecutive budget.

An economic policy framework to "set the scope of the next generation of reforms" will pave the way for job opportunities and sustain high growth, she said.

However, pushing through bigger reforms will be "challenging" for a coalition government, Gene Fang, associate managing director for sovereign risk at Moody's Ratings, told Reuters.

Other measures on employment include incentives for companies, such as those in manufacturing, and programmes to improve skills and hand out cheaper loans for higher education, Sitharaman said.

India's official unemployment rate in urban areas is 6.7%, but private agency the Centre For Monitoring Indian Economy pegs it higher, at 8.4%.

The government will also maintain spending on long-term infrastructure projects at 11.11 trillion rupees, offering long-term loans of 1.5 trillion rupees to states to fund such expenditure.

Some of these loans will be linked to reform milestones in areas such as land and labour, which Sitharaman said the government intended to push in its third term.

In a concession to the government's allies, Sitharaman said it would hasten loans from multilateral agencies for the eastern state of Bihar and the southern state of Andhra Pradesh.

TAX CHANGES

India raised to 20% from 15% its tax rate for equity investments held for less than a year, while the rate for those held longer than 12 months rose to 12.5% from 10%.

The government also increased the tax on equity derivative transactions that have drawn retail investors.

The tax changes are a short-term negative for the market, said Trideep Bhattacharya, the chief investment officer of Edelweiss Mutual Fund.

"The tax increase is marginal but will help bring in rationality on options trading exuberance and will better investment behaviour," said Bhattacharya, adding it would drive a push to longer-term investing.

The new tax rates take effect from October 1.

The budget shaved the corporate tax rate on foreign companies to 25% from 40% in order to lure foreign capital for development needs, Sitharaman said.

A lower tax burden for lower income consumers will encourage them to spend.

Shares and the rupee declined after the news but recovered. The benchmark NSE Nifty 50 and S&P BSE Sensex fell about 1.6% on Sitharaman's announcements, but clawed back most losses to end the day down about 0.13%.

Consumer stocks rose to record highs. The rupee closed at a record low of 83.6875 to the U.S. dollar. The 10-year benchmark bond yield was largely unchanged at 6.967%.